李仁荣,杨俊武,代海涛

纳米技术通过调控材料粒径、形貌、表面电荷、配体修饰和药物负载方式，可实现信号放大、靶向递送、局部缓释和诊疗一体化，在泌尿外科疾病诊疗中显示出应用潜力。泌尿系统具有尿液样本易获取、膀胱腔内给药便利、前列腺特异性膜抗原等靶点明确、肾脏滤过和排泄特征突出等特点，为纳米技术应用提供了独特场景，也提出了尿液冲刷、黏膜屏障、肾毒性、成本控制和监管评价等特殊要求。本文参考范围综述报告思路，检索PubMed、Web of Science、ClinicalTrials.gov及中英文监管资料，围绕纳米技术在泌尿外科诊断、治疗和临床转化中的应用进行梳理，并从临床需求、材料功能、证据水平和转化障碍四个维度进行评价。现有证据提示，纳米传感器、分子影像探针、膀胱灌注载体、前列腺癌靶向递药、肾癌免疫治疗增敏和抗菌纳米涂层等方向具有研究价值，但多数证据仍处于前临床或早期转化阶段。未来应优先开展以真实临床终点为导向的多中心研究，建立标准化制备、质量控制、长期安全性和成本效益评价体系，推动纳米技术由材料创新转化为可验证、可实施的泌尿外科诊疗策略。

纳米技术；泌尿外科；膀胱癌；前列腺癌；诊疗一体化

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