薛雅婷,李月琴

会阴损伤是阴道分娩的常见并发症，在全球范围内发生率居高不下，我国85%以上经阴道分娩初产妇存在不同程度损伤，其中60%-70%需缝合。这不仅增加产妇分娩后疼痛、出血及感染风险，Ⅲ度及以上严重损伤更可能引发大便失禁、盆腔脏器脱垂等远期问题，对产妇身心健康与产后生活质量造成严重影响。本文通过文献回顾法，系统梳理国内外关于经阴道分娩初产妇会阴损伤的相关研究，重点分析产妇个体特征、胎儿因素、分娩过程及医疗干预等多维度影响因素，并总结当前传统统计学与机器学习两类预测模型的研究现状，从而为临床医护人员制定针对性预防策略提供循证依据，进而降低初产妇会阴损伤发生率，改善其分娩体验与产后健康水平。

会阴损伤；预防；进展；综述

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